Bibliography
Disclaimer
- Several statistics in the chapters of this compendium are syntheses across multiple studies and state records, because India has no unified national Human – Animal Conflict database.
- Several numeric ranges (e.g., % under-reporting, compensation covering 1–10%, hectare estimates) are derived syntheses, not single-study claims.
- Media sources were never used alone; they backstop patterns already seen in government or academic work.
Chapter 1 – Introduction
OFFICIAL GOVERNMENT & POLICY SOURCES (PRIMARY)
1. Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), Government of India
Human–Wildlife Conflict data, elephant mortality, injuries, compensation frameworks
https://moef.gov.in
(See: Annual Reports; Project Elephant documents; Parliamentary replies)
2. Project Elephant Division – MoEFCC
Elephant deaths, crop damage estimates, conflict mitigation guidelines
https://projectelephant.gov.in
3. National Action Plan for Human–Wildlife Conflict Mitigation (2021) – MoEFCC
https://moef.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Action-Plan-for-HWC.pdf
4. Press Information Bureau (PIB), Government of India
Statements by Prime Minister and Union Ministers on conflict, AI, remote sensing
https://pib.gov.in
5. Kerala State Planning Board – Human–Wildlife Conflict Reviews
Human and elephant deaths, retaliation, Wayanad data
https://spb.kerala.gov.in
PEER-REVIEWED & ACADEMIC SOURCES
6. Asian Journal of Conservation Biology (AJCB)
Multi-species crop damage; boar, leopard, deer conflict patterns
https://www.ajcb.in
(Commonly cited field surveys from forest-edge landscapes)
7. Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development / ARRB
Pan-India reviews of human–wildlife conflict trends
https://journalarrb.com
8. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics / ICAR-linked studies
Crop loss valuation, hectare-level estimates
https://www.icar.org.in
9. ResearchGate (aggregated peer-reviewed papers)
Himachal Pradesh, Himalayan mid-hill “animal menace” studies
https://www.researchgate.net
(Used for synthesis; individual papers should be cited separately in final version)
STATE & REGIONAL STUDIES
10. Kerala Forest Department – Conflict & Mortality Reports
https://forest.kerala.gov.in
11. Karnataka Forest Department – Elephant Task Force Reports
https://aranya.gov.in
12. Assam Forest Department – Elephant Conflict Statistics
https://forest.assam.gov.in
13. Odisha Forest & Environment Department – HEC Data
https://forest.odisha.gov.in
MEDIA REPORTS (USED FOR SCALE, NOT AS SOLE EVIDENCE)
These were used only where government or peer-reviewed aggregation already exists.
14. The Times of India
Large-scale Maharashtra and Konkan loss estimates; compensation gaps
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com
15. The Hindu
Human deaths, elephant mortality, policy responses
https://www.thehindu.com
Chapter 2.1 – Elephant
A. Government of India (Primary Sources)
1. Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC)
Annual Reports; Parliamentary replies on human and elephant mortality; Project Elephant data
https://moef.gov.in
2. Project Elephant (MoEFCC)
Corridor data, elephant deaths, mitigation guidelines
https://projectelephant.gov.in
3. National Action Plan for Human–Wildlife Conflict Mitigation (2021)
https://moef.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Action-Plan-for-HWC.pdf
4. Press Information Bureau (PIB), Government of India
PM and Ministerial statements on HEC, AI, geospatial tools
https://pib.gov.in
5. Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA)
CAMPA Act, utilisation guidelines
https://campa.gov.in
6. Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)
Crop insurance guidelines and notifications
https://pmfby.gov.in
B. State Government & Official Department Sources
7. Kerala State Planning Board – Human–Wildlife Conflict reviews
https://spb.kerala.gov.in
8. Kerala Forest & Wildlife Department
https://forest.kerala.gov.in
9.Karnataka Forest Department (ARANYA platform)
https://aranya.gov.in
10. Assam Forest Department
https://forest.assam.gov.in
11. Odisha Forest & Environment Department
https://forest.odisha.gov.in
12. Tamil Nadu Forest Department
https://www.forests.tn.gov.in
13. West Bengal Forest Directorate
https://www.westbengalforest.gov.in
C. Peer-Reviewed & Academic Literature
14. Asian Journal of Conservation Biology (AJCB)
Multi-species conflict and elephant fatality patterns
https://www.ajcb.in
15. Indian Journal of Ecology / ICAR-linked journals
Crop loss valuation, elephant crop-raiding studies
https://www.icar.org.in
16. Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development / ARRB
Pan-India conflict reviews
https://journalarrb.com
17. ResearchGate (compiled peer-reviewed studies)
Assam, Western Ghats, Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh HEC studies
https://www.researchgate.net
D. NGO & Research Institution Outputs
18. Wildlife Trust of India (WTI)
Corridor mapping, elephant mortality analysis
https://www.wti.org.in
19. WWF-India
Anti-Depredation Squads, community vigilance models
https://www.wwfindia.org
20. Centre for Wildlife Studies (CWS)
Behavioural ecology, early-warning systems
https://www.cwsindia.org
21. Wildlife SOS
Radio-collaring and conflict response documentation
https://wildlifesos.org
22. Nature Mates (India)
Tea-estate conflict mitigation
https://naturematesindia.org
E. Railways & Infrastructure Impact
23. Indian Railways / Ministry of Railways
Elephant–train collision data (Assam, Odisha corridors)
https://indianrailways.gov.in
F. Media (Used Only Where Government / Academic Data Exists)
24. The Hindu
Reporting on compensation delays, state-wise fatalities
https://www.thehindu.com
25. The Times of India
Maharashtra, Kerala, and Karnataka conflict statistics
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com
26. Mongabay-India
Habitat fragmentation, corridor obstruction, elephant drives
https://india.mongabay.com
G. International Reference (Contextual)
27. IUCN – Human–Wildlife Conflict Resources
https://www.iucn.org/resources/issues-brief/human-wildlife-conflict
28. FAO – Human–Wildlife Conflict Guidance
https://www.fao.org
Chapter 2.2 – Tigers
Peer-reviewed / academic
1. Ghosal, S. et al. (2018). Livestock depredation by tigers and leopards in central India. PLOS One
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/
2. Davidar, P. et al. (2015). Spatial risk and livestock loss around Kanha Tiger Reserve.
(Referenced via long-term Kanha buffer studies)
3. Multiple spatial-risk and dispersal studies (Kanha, Tadoba landscapes) collated through ResearchGate
https://www.researchgate.net
Government / official datasets
4. National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) – conflict guidelines, response protocols, population and conflict oversight
https://ntca.gov.in
5. Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) – compensation norms, Project Tiger reports
https://moef.gov.in
6. Press Information Bureau (PIB), Govt. of India – official statements, compensation revisions (Dec 2023)
https://pib.gov.in
7. State Forest Department records (MP, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Uttarakhand, Kerala, Rajasthan) – compensation and incident data
(State portals: e.g., https://mahaforest.gov.in, https://aranya.gov.in)
Data journalism / synthesis
8. Factly (2024). Tiger attack fatalities in India, 2014–2024
https://factly.in
NGO / practitioner sources
9. Wildlife Trust of India (WTI) – rapid response, ANIDERS systems
https://www.wti.org.in
10. WWF-India – community mitigation, livelihoods
https://www.wwfindia.org
11. The Corbett Foundation – conflict management casework
https://corbettfoundation.org
12. Satpuda Foundation – community-based tiger coexistence
https://satpudafoundation.org
13. Wildlife Conservation Trust (WCT) – community development near reserves
https://www.wildlifeconservationtrust.org
Context / reviews
14. Mongabay-India – corridor fragmentation, conflict responses
https://india.mongabay.com
15. TROINDIA (2019). Human–wildlife conflict review
https://troindia.in
2.3 Wild Boars
Peer-reviewed / academic
1. Chauhan, N.P.S. et al. Human–Wild Pig (Sus scrofa) Conflict in Selected States of India.
https://www.researchgate.net
2. Current Science – analyses on crop loss and wild pig damage in hill agriculture (HP, Uttarakhand).
https://www.currentscience.ac.in
3. ICAR / AICRP on Vertebrate Pest Management – wild boar damage, crop loss mechanisms.
https://icar.org.in
Government / institutional
4. Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) fact sheets and field trials (state-wise).
https://icar.org.in
5. State Agriculture & Forest Department reports (Kerala, Telangana, Karnataka, Maharashtra, UP, HP, Rajasthan).
Examples:
https://keralaagriculture.gov.in
https://aranya.gov.in
https://mahaforest.gov.in
6. Wildlife Protection Act, Section 11 notifications on wild boar culling (MoEFCC / state gazette orders).
https://moef.gov.in
Economic / policy studies
7. Gokhale Institute of Politics & Economics / Centre for Sustainable Development – Maharashtra herbivore loss estimates.
https://www.gipe.ac.in
Media based on institutional data
8. The Times of India – Kalaburagi (Karnataka) sugarcane losses; Maharashtra crop loss reporting.
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com
Reviews / synthesis
9. ResearchGate-hosted multi-state syntheses on wild boar crop damage and mitigation.
https://www.researchgate.net
2.4 Nilgai
Peer-reviewed / academic
1. Chauhan, N.P.S. et al. Human–Nilgai Conflict and Crop Damage in North & Central India. (multi-state agrarian studies; Rajasthan, UP, MP, Bihar).
https://www.researchgate.net
2. ICAR agronomy and herbivore impact assessments on rabi crops (wheat, mustard, pulses).
https://icar.org.in
3. Landscape-level analyses of large herbivore conflict and agricultural interiors (Current Science; Indian Journal of Ecology).
https://www.currentscience.ac.in
Government / official
4. Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) – Wildlife (Protection) Act notifications; Section 62 “vermin” orders for nilgai.
https://moef.gov.in
5. State Agriculture Department damage assessments and compensation records (Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, Maharashtra).
Examples: https://agriculture.rajasthan.gov.in | https://upagripardarshi.gov.in
6. State Forest Department incident logs and affidavits submitted to High Courts (Bihar, UP, Rajasthan).
(via respective state forest portals)
Judicial / policy
7. High Court orders and committee reports on nilgai crop damage and control measures (Patna HC, Allahabad HC, Rajasthan HC).
https://ecourts.gov.in
Media based on institutional records
8. The Hindu and Times of India reporting on nilgai-related crop loss, farmer agitations, and road accidents.
https://www.thehindu.com
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com
Synthesis / extension
9. ICAR-linked Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) extension notes on crop stage vulnerability and deterrents.
https://kvk.icar.gov.in
2.5 Leopards
Peer-reviewed / academic
1. Athreya, V. et al. (2013). Big cats in our backyards: persistence of large carnivores in human-dominated landscapes. PLOS ONE
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/
2. Athreya, V. et al. (2016). Leopard–human conflict in Maharashtra: patterns and implications. Biological Conservation
https://www.sciencedirect.com
3. Kshettry, A. et al. (2017). Human–leopard conflict in a fragmented landscape, West Bengal. PLOS ONE
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/
4. Kshettry, A. et al. (2018). Livestock predation patterns and mitigation in leopard landscapes. Human–Wildlife Interactions
https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/hwi/
Government / official
5. State Forest Department compensation and incident records (Maharashtra, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Gujarat).
Examples: https://mahaforest.gov.in | https://forest.uk.gov.in
6. Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) – Human–Wildlife Conflict reviews, Wildlife (Protection) Act framework.
https://moef.gov.in
7. Press Information Bureau (PIB), Govt. of India – official statements on HWC and compensation norms.
https://pib.gov.in
NGO / practitioner
8. Wildlife Conservation Trust (WCT) – livestock protection and conflict mitigation studies.
https://www.wildlifeconservationtrust.org
9. The Corbett Foundation – community-based coexistence work in Uttarakhand.
https://corbettfoundation.org
10. Wildlife Trust of India (WTI) – conflict response, capacity building.
https://www.wti.org.in
Media-verified compilations
11. The Hindu – reporting on leopard incidents, compensation, and policy response.
https://www.thehindu.com
12. Mongabay-India – landscape fragmentation and leopard conflict analyses.
https://india.mongabay.com
2.6 Monkeys
Peer-reviewed / academic
1. Southwick, C.H., Beg, M.A., & Siddiqi, M.F. Rhesus macaque populations and human–primate conflict in India. American Journal of Primatology
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com
2. Sengupta, A. & Radhakrishna, S. Crop raiding and human–macaque conflict in India. Primate Conservation
https://primate-sg.org
3. Sinha, A. et al. Behavioural flexibility and human–macaque interactions in urban India. Current Science
https://www.currentscience.ac.in
4. Chhangani, A.K. Human–langur conflict and crop damage in semi-arid landscapes. Indian Journal of Ecology
https://www.indianjournals.com
Government / official
5. Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) – Wildlife (Protection) Act provisions, primate management advisories
https://moef.gov.in
6. Himachal Pradesh Forest Department – rhesus macaque conflict and sterilisation programme reports
https://hpforest.nic.in
7. Uttarakhand Forest Department – monkey conflict records
https://forest.uk.gov.in
8. Department of Animal Husbandry (State level) – sterilisation and capture programme documentation
(via respective state portals)
Judicial / policy
9. Supreme Court of India & High Court orders on monkey sterilisation and conflict management (HP, Uttarakhand, Rajasthan)
https://ecourts.gov.in
NGO / research institutions
10. Centre for Wildlife Studies (CWS) – primate ecology and conflict research
https://www.cwsindia.org
11. Nature Conservation Foundation (NCF) – human–primate interaction studies
https://www.ncf-india.org
12. ATREE – urban and peri-urban wildlife conflict research
https://www.atree.org
13. People for Animals (PFA) – operational sterilisation programme documentation
https://www.peopleforanimalsindia.org
14. Wildlife SOS – rescue, capture, and urban conflict response
https://wildlifesos.org
Media / synthesis (used only with institutional backing)
15. The Hindu – reporting on monkey conflict, court interventions, and urban injuries
https://www.thehindu.com
16. Mongabay-India – analyses of primate conflict and governance gaps
https://india.mongabay.com
2.7 Peafowl
Peer-reviewed / academic
1. Ramesh, K. & McGowan, P. (2009). On the current status of Indian peafowl. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
https://www.bnhs.org
2. Jaiswal, S. et al. Crop damage by Indian peafowl in semi-arid agricultural landscapes. Indian Journal of Ecology
https://www.indianjournals.com
3. Chhangani, A.K. (2004). Ecology and behaviour of peafowl in agricultural landscapes of Rajasthan. Zoos’ Print Journal
https://zoosprint.org
4. Johnsingh, A.J.T. & Manjrekar, N. Avifaunal interactions with agriculture in India. Current Science
https://www.currentscience.ac.in
Government / official
5. Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) – Wildlife (Protection) Act, Schedule I status of peafowl
https://moef.gov.in
6. State Agriculture Department reports (Rajasthan, Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu) – bird-related crop damage notes
(via respective state portals)
7. State Forest Departments – rescue and mortality records for peafowl
(various state portals)
Research / institutional
8. Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) – field studies on bird damage to crops
https://icar.org.in
9. Agricultural universities (SAUs) – localized studies on peafowl crop damage
(institution-specific portals)
Media / synthesis (used only with institutional context)
10. The Hindu – reports on peafowl crop damage and farmer petitions
https://www.thehindu.com
11. Down To Earth – human–wildlife conflict features including peafowl
https://www.downtoearth.org.in